Mainstream Literature Does this Worsen the Text?

Mainstream Literature Does this Worsen the Text?How far does conceding to the everyday mainstream strip a textual matter of its literariness?(Explore the steerings in which your chosen essay texts negotiate competing regards of literary and the ordinary)William Faulkner said of Ernest Hemingway He has never been known to usance a word that might send a reader to the dictionary (UOI, 1947) attempting to demean the literariness of his accomplishments. Hemingway responded Poor Faulkner. Does he receivedly think big emotions come from big haggling? I know them all right. But there argon older and simpler and better words, and those are the ones I use. (Ross, 1950) His response to Faulkners elitism suggests that a text does non apply to adhere to the implicit, often judgemental rules that define a piece of belong as literary in order to be worthyy of such(prenominal) a title. employ the poems of Linton Kwesi Johnson and The Hunger Games by Susanne Collins, I will analyse h ow both authors navigate the fine line between what is hot and what is literary, and whether this affects the overall impact of their manoeuvre or its integrity as literary fiction. I intend to argue that a text does not book to present itself in a literary playact in order to be considered worthy of the term literary, and similarly, literary texts can exist with appear conforming to the demands of mainstream culture whilst still be appreciated by advanced society.In its simplest definition, literature is simply a written work it is whole when we place the boundaries of what is considered intellectual, or art, upon it that there becomes any kind of speculation as to whether a writers work is literary or not. In contrast, wipe outular culture is a term associated with primarily Western entertainment, news, technology and sports. In its initial modelion, the idea of popular was one associated with the uneducated working class, in comparison to the literary culture of the upp er classes. Pop culture was the culture of those outside the power establishment it was solely separate from scorned and excluded by those in power, who had their own official culture (Berrong, 1986). As a result, there is an ongoing elitism toward popular culture, with many labelling it trite or unintelligent, or suggesting that low culture stress substance, form and being totally subservient there is no explicit concern with abstract ideas or eve with fictional forms of contemporary social problems and issues content to depict traditional working class value. (Gans, 2008) As a result, creators and listenings of popular culture are by connective considered to be superficial or lacking in intellect.Popular fiction is defined as p consider-driven fictional works, written with the intent of fitting into a precise literary genre, (French, 2010) so as to appeal to mainstream readers who buy into the pre-existing format because it is familiar, recognisable and easily digested. The se so-called conventions of popular fiction are specific stupefytings, roles, events and values that define individual genres and their subgenres (McKee, 1997) and often, publishing houses are known to present obligatory guidelines for authors to follow in order to have their works considered for publication. Any literature in fitting with these conventions is usually considered separate from literary fiction by critics for being stereotypical and poorly written those texts are hitd solely to provide escapism to its readership as opposed to meaningful, carefully crafted prose that might incite thought or action. Literary fiction refers to works that hold so-called literary merit, which here way that they dwell of political commentary, comments on societal hegemonic ideologies and the human condition. Like its popular counterpart, literary fiction is written purposely with its own set of conventions in mind, with the difference being that the focus of the works involved lingers more on themes than on fast-paced plot progression or audience appeal. It is arguable that pop culture is the easiest way to app allay the mainstream, an audience fundamentally made up of young people technology has transformed culture, especially popular culture, into the primary educational site in which youth learn about themselves and the larger gentleman (Giroux, 2000). There has always been contentious debate regarding the discrepancies between high art, a category into which literature falls, and popular culture. However, it is arguable that this debate is obsolete the distinction between the cardinal is blurred just because a piece of work is easily accessible and appeals to the masses, does not inevitably sacrifice its credibility or deem it an unintelligent piece of work that is lacking in thought. A televised adaptation of Austens Pride and Prejudice, or Baz Luhrmans modern reimagining of Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet, for instance, could be considered literary in an intertextual manner, being as their origins hail from classic literature. For instance, author John Storey would argue that the quantitative definition of culture has the problem that practically high culture is alike popular (Storey, 2014), making the two difficult to separate into distinguishable categories. It also could be said that pop culture is more intrinsic to society than so called high art, because it wields so much influence over the general public and which media they do or do not shoot down in the struggle over the symbolic order that characterizes our times, popular culture developed by name brands and various forms of media, including the Hollywood film industry is of import in creating the identities and representations that our youth embrace (Reynolds 2006).Linton Kwesi Johnson is a Jamaican writer ground in the United Kingdom the second living poet, and the only poet of colour, to be immortalised in the Penguin Modern Classics collection. Johnson is a dub poet a genre that is, according to him, overcompensation for deprecation and as a writer, refuses to conform to face standards of poetry he uses Creole bank as a political statement, defying the expectations society holds for poets. This phonetic, unstandardized transcription of his own language is certainly not that of great literary figures Jane Austen, George Orwell or Charles Dickens, and yet, he has been awarded the Golden publish award in 2012 for a Lifetimes Distinguished Service to Literature. His idea of poetry has been passed through generations, and did not simply consist of standard Received Pronunciation English or what was deemed publishable but take ond traditional slave songs. Johnsons poetry is heavily inspired by the Black Panther movement, a group in which he became active during his school years their belief being that violence in the face of constant racism is inevitable, using militant revolutionary draw off against the racist police and segregation of 1960s London. He himself describes his writing as a political act poetry was a cultural weapon (Wroe, 2008). It was during Johnsons childhood that the SAS law, or the 1824 vagrancy act, was reintroduced, which enabled the police to arrest someone they suspected had intentions of committing a crime, allowing police to exploit and arrest people of colour in London without any evidence. The egress matter of his poetry is usually political, depicting his experiences as an African-Carribean living in Britain, but has also focused on foreign policies and police brutality.Johnsons poem If I woz a tap natch poet serves not only as an example of his subversion from the conventions of literary work but simultaneously describes his rejection of the canon, and his interstitial position between histrion and poet, between high art and popular culture, between politics and aesthetics (McGill 2003). For instance, he begins if I waz a tap-natch poet, like Chris Okigbo, Derek Walcot ar T.S Eliot (Johnson, 2004) the opening challenges any predispositions suggesting that canons melt down according to transparent principles of coherency or homogeneity. Chris Okigbo signals an alternative to the Western Canon advocated by critics. In contrast, Derek Walcott is a Nobel laureate, and his appearance suggests a movement back towards bourgeois tastes. However, the inclusion of T.S. Eliot demonstrates that the canon Johnson is crafting is unfortunately one made up entirely of people of colour. He continues by saying if he were glide by-notch himself, he would write a poem soh dyam deep/dat it bittah-sweet (Johnson, 2004), implying that the works of Okigbo, Walcott and Eliot create work that is deep or poses intellectual questions, a prerequisite of literariness. Moreover, the poem appears to carry another(prenominal) irony when analysed more thoroughly in that T. S Eliot appears as a token white poet, which is reflective of the way in which right-wing institutions that anthologis e the zeitgeist of the times, such as anthologies, are known for including very few people of colour, sometimes just a single person, to demonstrate supposed diversity and avoid review or backlash from minorities.On perhaps the other end of the literary spectrum to Johnson is Suzanne Collins, an American writer, renowned for her young adult dystopian trilogy The Hunger Games. She was born in Harvard, Connecticut but being the daughter of a military officer, consistently moved across America. Consequently, inspired by her fathers career in the Air Force, her work tackles themes of war and its effects on the world, including poverty, starvation and innocent civilian death. The Hunger Games is set in Panem, a post-apocalyptic America made up of the Capitol and 12 skirt districts every year, two children from each district, male and female, are chosen to take part in an obligatory, televised fight to the death, known as the Hunger Games. The staggering popularity of her work resulted in her being named one of Time magazines almost influential people of 2010 and as of March 2012, became the best-selling Kindle author of all time. It is not ridiculous for creators of literature to use so called pop culture tropes and appropriate them into high culture works with the blurred lines of literary and popular first identifiable in the Romantic period where romance fiction became a substantial influence on future literature, despite having been previously disparaged. More novel examples include Andy Warhols use of the Campbell soup can in his pop art, as well as artist Jeff Koons conceptualising kitsch and pornography, subject matters often vilified for lacking in culture or finesse, to create new work which is supposedly worthier of the label high art.This same technique of intertextuality and the idea that any one piece of literature is created by combining several(prenominal) others is arguably show in Collins dystopian novel on the surface, it is a young adult ro mance implementing the typical formulaic conventions and character archetypes evidenced in the majority of mainstream pop culture, arguably inspired by the critical success of Stephanie Meyers Twilight saga. However, when discussing the origin of The Hunger Games, Collins cites the myth of Theseus and the Minotaur as the most significant inhalant for her book a classic Greek tale wherein Minos forces the people of Athens to sacrifice 14 women and children to be slaughtered by the Minotaur in the aeonian labyrinth. She also interweaved the concept of the Roman gladiator games an all-powerful and ruth little government, people forced to fight to the death, and the games role as a source of popular nurture (Scholastic, 2010) and in doing so, she successfully brings renowned, classic Greek literature to the mainstream audiences, albeit in a more easily digestible fashion, by reimagining the stories in a fashion that appeals to pop culture fans.Contrastingly, Johnsons poetry focuses not on fabled exampleity tales, but on real life issues of racism, segregation and police brutality, particularly in London, where he grew up. It can be assumed that, as this is not a topic to which popular culture utilise for its audiences, he does not concern himself with the opinions of critics, or of his audience for that matter, on his work. It is my understanding that it is more important for Johnson to promote anti-racial messages and protest against the mistreatment of people of colour. Johnson himself said that writing anti-establishment poetry during the Race Riots could be considered an act of protest, an act that could have been to his great detriment as a result of the United Kingdoms fervent racism. This shows Johnson to have integrity he is writing about what he believes is important and worth saying one way to perform a test of literary merit must be, first, the sincerity of the writer. I would be willing, I think, even to add the seriousness of purpose of the w riter (Peters, 2006). From this, one can argue that Johnsons sincerity in his writing of his experiences, and his determination to express anger and encourage reactions to political issues makes his work literary. In If I waz a tap-natch poet, he purposely distinguishes himself from any of the other writers he mentions he take onms to exist in a liminal space, and it is difficult to discern where he sees himself within the hierarchy of literary and popular. It is arguable that he doesnt consider himself a part of either category, because neither of them serve any importance to him. However, whether a text is deemed literary or popular is very rarely a decision made by its own creator Johnson is simply distancing himself from the process, as he feels it is unnecessary. Although his work holds no evidence of popular culture fictitious characters, it is certainly popular amongst a specific minority group people of colour. They have experienced many of the atrocities he writes of, and can relate to them in a way that the white Western mainstream cannot. As a result, I would argue that Johnsons writing is certainly popular amongst a niche audience, and that appealing to the mass market is not the only category that makes a text worthy of the title. Johnson first became active in the poet community in school, but he was not published until 1974, in the journal Race Today. In the same year, Harper lee sides controversial bildungsroman To Kill a Mockingbird was also released. Both Johnson and Lee tackle the subject matter of racism, albeit in different areas of the world, and Lees novel is regarded as one of the greatest of our generation. The difference between Harper Lee and Linton Kwesi Johnson is that one is a privileged white woman, and the other a Jamaican man of working-class background, whose poetry is not isnt carefully pre-packaged in the standard Oxford vocabulary English, the mainstream being young white heterosexual teenagers, who of course, prefer to access literature in this way. Johnson is angry about his mistreatment, and that of so many other people of colour, at the hands of white policemen and politicians and civilians. When declaring a text worthy of literary merit, critics significantly consider the moral or messages the story is trying to create, usually through the ordinary of symbolism or allegory. The metonymic concept of bread and circuses becomes particularly apt when looking at The Hunger Games, as the Latin translation Panem et circenses served as inspiration for the name of the novels fictional setting, Panem. The phrase, first used by Juvenal, who was degrading the sheep-like character of common people, their selfishness and obliviousness to wider concerns and civic duty, alludes to an appeasement with a lack of substance. It refers to the way in which supposedly democratic governments make use of superficial distractions to satisfy the immediate, shallow requirements of a populace in order to continue to man ipulate them for hegemonic gain. Although this could make reference to the Capitols attempts to placate the districts so they cannot overthrow their regime and dismantle their hierarchy, it could also be an allegory for the way in which popular culture works in the real world. When taking a Marxist reading of the novel, it is arguable that Collins was inspired by the Industrial Revolution, most noticeably the living conditions in 19th carbon Europe. Katniss illustrates this by saying What must it be like, I wonder, to live in world where food appears at the press of a button? How would I omit the hours I now commit to combing the woods for sustenance if it were so easy to come by (Collins, 2008). Collins plot coincides with Marxs socialist philosophy Panem is comprised of two groups, the proletariat, or the people of the districts, and the bourgeoisie, or the Capitol. This highlights what is a fundamentally unfair system wherein the majority of wealth is held by the minority whils t the general public struggle to mention a living. This is further evidenced by President Snows hosting of the Hunger Games, themselves, wherein his government hold complete power over the Districts and their people, who have absolutely no promise of ascending to higher status. Katniss, the protagonist of the novel, lives in the district that is hardest hit by the Capitols regime. She represents the lowest of the proletariat, whereas the closer the districts are to the Capitol, the more advantageous Its tempting, so tempting, when I see the bounty waiting there before me. And I know that if I dont get it, someone else will. That the Career Tributes who survive the bloodbath will divide up most of these life-sustaining spoils. (Collins, 2008) Here, Katniss describes the Career tributes are more likely to survive, having received training for their entire lives to prepare for the games. Whilst Districts One and Two still have to add together children for the games, this is a mere fa ade, bread and circuses Snow makes the districts think everything is equal, but in actuality, the Career tributes are much likelier to survive and win the Games, thus maintaining the bourgeoisie whilst soft killing off the poor. However, Katniss follows the Marxist ideology and seizes the means of production. Collins writes Without a victor, the whole thing would blow up in the Gamemakers faces. Theyd have failed the Capitol. Might peradventure even be executed slowly and painfully, part the cameras broadcast it to every screen in the country (Collins, 2008) By refusing to conform, rejecting the role of victor and encouraging Peeta to do the same, this forces the Gamemakers to change the rules and allow both to win. Katniss is still aware, though, that the Capitol would have the power to make an example of the Gamemakers to restore order. These allusions to Marxism and communist theory imply that there is a lot more depth to Collins work than it at first seems by incorporating th emes of real life class issues, she is commenting on societal problems and posing a moral question regarding Americas modern class system.When asked how he would define literariness, critic Walter Van Tilburg Clark declared the final test of literary merit, is the power to endure obviously such a test cannot be applied to a new or recent work, and one cannot, I think, offer soundly an opinion on the fortune of endurance (Peters, 2006). Here, he is arguing that the most significant criterion of the definition is that if a text can endure, it can be considered worthy of literary merit. It is not, then, necessary for a text to follow the other rules regarding context, connotations or conveying a higher meaning if a text is popular, it is likely to endure. The Hunger Games Trilogy spent 50 weeks on the New York Times bestseller list and has been translated to the screen as a multi-million dollar film series. Such a lengthy stay at the top of a highly-regarded rating system is suggestiv e of endurance, and therefore, regardless of the issues the trilogy presents in terms of stereotypical pop-culture tropes and character moulds, it can be defined as literary. In addition, the concept of literariness is one that is inherently subjective particularly because aesthetic value is entirely based in personal preference. It is, according to critics, a relic of a intellectual elite.Similarly, the predispositions regarding popular texts and its dismissal as uncultured also seem to be outdated views stemming from old-fashioned beliefs. The examination and understanding of popular culture, therefore, is necessary to understanding ourselves, our identities and the world that surrounds us. A text that is considered brilliant by one, will be terrible to another we each have different interests and tastes, and there is never going to be unanimity when defining literary and popular and the difference between them. The study of popular culture enables us to consider literature in a less judgemental, more open-minded fashion, voiding the inherent laws of what makes a text literary or fundamentally good. Popular culture does not exclusively lend itself only to companies to churn out poorly-written prose lacking in value and increase financial revenue, although it is manipulated by those in power to detract from real life issues just because this is the persona some of the time, it doesnt define all literature that falls into the category of popular as unworthy of also being literary. The two terms are not mutually exclusive, and a text does not give up its right to being one by adhering to some characteristics of the other. The spectrum of defining literary and popular categories, albeit dogmatic in nature, which are not binary opposites in terms of literature, is, in my opinion, one that is entirely personal, and each individual will hold opinion on where any given text falls that does not make them true, as there are no correct answers.Word Count 3496_____ ________________________________________________________________ReferencesJohnson, L. K (2002) If I Woz a Nap-Natch Poet, Mi Revalueshanary Fren Selected Poems London PenguinCollins, Suzanne (2008) The Hunger Games New York, ScholasticUniversity of Iowa (1967) An Interview With William Faulkner The Western Review A Literary Quarterly, Volume 15, Number 4Ross, Lillian (1950) Profiles How Do You Like It Now, Gentlemen? The New Yorker, F. R. Publishing Corporation, New York.Berrong, R.M (1986) Rabelais and Bakhtin Popular Culture in Gargantua and Pantagruel University of Nebraska PressGans, Herbert J (2008) Popular culture and high culture prefatory Books. pp. 8-10Storey, J (2014) From Popular Culture to Everyday Life RoutledgeFrench, C.T Literary Fiction vs Genre Fictiononline http//www.authorsden.com/categories/article_top.asp?catid=10id=18884 (accessed December 2016)McKee, R (1997) Story Substance, Structure, Style, and the Principles of Screenwriting New York HarperCollins. p. 87G iroux, Henry (2000) larceny Innocence Youth, Corporate Power and the Politics of Culture, New York, St. Martins PressReynolds, W (2006) Cultural curriculum studies, multiplicity and cinematic-machines Journal of Curriculum Theorizing, Caddo Gap PressWroe, N (2008) I did my own thing online https//www.theguardian.com/books/2008/mar/08/featuresreviews.guardianreview11 (accessed December 2016)McGill, R (2003) Goon poets of the black Atlantic Linton Kwesi Johnsons imagined canon Textual Practice, Vol. 17, Issue 3Scholastic (2010) boob tube Classical Inspiration, The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins online http//ww(w.scholastic.com/thehungergames/videos/classical-inspiration.htm (accessed December 2016)Bill, M Peters, N (2006) Howl on Trial The Battle for Free Expression City Lights Books. p. 224.Poland as a Potential Market Environmental AnalysisPoland as a Potential Market Environmental Analysis1.INTRODUCTIONServcorp is an Australian-owned services company that specialises in the prov ision of demarcation solutions. Its main gos include fully-serviced office packages (office space bundled with IT and communications infrastructure and accompanied by IT and administrative staff), virtual office products such as communications and address services, and meeting rooms for hire (Servcorp, n.d.). Servcorp has expanded its operations into New Zealand, the U.S., Asia, and Europe. While the company operates in the UK, Belgium, and France, it does not currently operate in Poland.In this report, I will analyse five environmental factors relevant to the consideration of Poland as a potential market for Servcorp. These are the countrys political and healthy environment, economic environment, trade and financial environment, social and cultural environment, and infrastructure. The ensuing discussion will integrate these findings and provide an overall outlook for Poland. Finally, based on these analyses, a number of recommendations will be put forward regarding Servcorps pot ential expansion into Poland.3.ANALYSIS OF THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT3.1.Political and legal environmentPoland has become one of the most politically stable European countries since it joined the European Union (EU) in 2004 (Bujnicki, 2013). In 2012, Poland ranked below the OECD sightly on the FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness power (where a lower score indicates fewer restrictions on FDI) (OECD, 2012). Poland also has a number of state aid measures in place to attract foreign investment. For example, the country has 14 Special economic Zones these areas have relaxed income tax revenueation rules and have the appropriate infrastructure in place for first a business, though businesses require a license to operate in these zones (Lex Mundi, 2013). In Poland, then, Servcorp would find political environment that actively encourages FDI with the view that it is vital to exploitation the countrys economy.While Poland has few restrictions on FDI, its overall regulatory environment is some what complex. The World Bank (2013) ranked Poland 45 of 189 countries on the ease of doing business in 2013, though pointed out that the countrys tax system remains complex and outdated. It takes an average of 685 days to enforce contracts in Poland compared to the OECD average of 529 days, and a number of other bureaucratic hurdles remain (World Bank, 2013). For Servcorp, these factors mean that the company might have to do substantial research into Polands tax system, as it contains intricacies not present in Australias taxation laws.Property registration is a vital consideration for Servcorp, as the nature of the business means that they must acquire office space to hire out to clients as well as a building for their own use. The World Bank (2013) ranked Poland 54 on the ease of registering property. This is compared with a rank of 40 for Australia however, there is only one more procedure involved in registering property in Poland than there is in Australia, so red tape in this arena is only slightly more pronounced.3.2.Economic environmentReal gross domestic product result in Poland ranged from 1.6% to 6.8% during the period 2005-2012 Poland was the only country in the EU to experience a growth in GDP during the 2008-2009 global financial crisis (OECD, 2013). Real GDP in Poland is expected to grow by 2.7% in 2014 and 3.3% in 2015 (OECD, 2013). However, Poland experienced a small slump in economic growth in 2013 recent changes in fiscal policy have been aimed at encouraging economic growth through expanding the figure deficit and eliminating restrictions on fiscal stimulus measures (Onoszko Krasuski, 2013). Overall, demand for the modern services provided by Servcorp whitethorn increase as Polands citizens experience an increase in wealth and the economy continues to grow at a healthy rate as a result of these fiscal measures.The slight downturn in real GDP growth in 2013 has been accompanied by low inflation (Eglitis, 2013). This is promising for Serv corp, as it means that the business may be in a better position to make long-term plans with the association that their purchasing power will not decline, and borrowing costs may be lower. With the finish governments planned relaxation of fiscal policy, however, Servcorp must continue to track changes in inflation given that these measures may work to raise inflation.3.3.Trade and financial environmentRelevant bilateral agreements between Australia and Poland include the Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement and the Double Taxation Agreement (DFAT, 2013). These agreements ensure that the interests of foreign investors are protected in Poland, and in the case of the latter(prenominal) agreement, that foreign businesses do not have to pay taxes on their business profits in each of the two countries. In short, both agreements are contributive to Servcorp doing business in Poland. A discussion regarding tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade in Poland will not take place her e as Servcorp is not seeking to export to or import from Polandrather, this report considers the risks and opportunities Servcorp faces in establishing operations in Poland. For similar reasons, free trade agreements that Poland has with other European countries will not be discussed here.In 2012, Poland ranked 37 on the Financial Development Index, which along with other factors, considers a countrys financial stability (World Economic Forum, 2012). Specifically, the WEF found that Poland performed particularly well in terms of the stability of its exchange rate and banking system. The leniency with which coin transactions are treated in Poland depends heavily upon the nature of the relationship between the transactors home country and Poland (Lex Mundi, 2013). Because Australia has a tax treaty with Poland (ATO, 2012), Australians can expect to face minimal problems when engaging in currency transactions in Poland. It appears that Servcorp would face little financial risk in the country.3.4.Social and cultural environmentIn Poland, 60.9% of the total population live in urban areas (Central Intelligence Agency, 2013). This is compared to 80% in the UK, 97% in Belgium, and 85% in France. Polands comparatively low rate of urbanisation suggests that there may be less of a demand for the services that Servcorp offers (office space, IT and communications infrastructure for businesses) in Poland compared with the other European countries in which the company operates.Religion plays a liberal role in Poland, with 89.8% of the population identifying as Roman Catholic (Central Intelligence Agency, 2013). Servcorp must recognise and close business on religious occasions that are not recognised as national holidays in Australia, such as Corpus Christi. Poland also tends to score highly on uncertainty avoidance, meaning that citizens may reject unorthodox or innovative ideas put forward by some businesses (The Hofstede Centre, n.d.). This poses a small risk to Servcorp given that much of their product offering rests on their virtual office innovation Poles may be wary of this unfamiliar idea.In terms of corruption, Polands score on the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) in 2013 was 60 of a accomplishable 100 (where 100 indicates no corruption whatsoever), above the world average (Transparency International, 2013). However, there is some concern that Poland does not have the appropriate frameworks in place to manage the growing risk of foreign bribery that comes with its expanding economy (OECD, 2013). Servcorp must be aware of this risk while simultaneously recognising that bribery is not an endemic part of Polish culture.3.5.InfrastructurePolands score on the Logistics Performance Index (LPI) in 2012 was 3.10 (where the maximum possible score is 5) (World Bank, 2012). This is substantially lower than the 2012 scores received by the European countries in which Servcorp currently operates (the UK, Belgium, and France, which received scores of 3.9 5, 4.12, and 3.96 respectively). The OECD (2013) remarked that the quality of Polands transport and communications infrastructure are among the lowest in the OECD (p. 217). A finding of particular concern is that Polands fixed broadband coverage is the lowest in the EU, at only 69.1% (Point Topic, 2012).Polands relatively low fixed broadband coverage may prove problematic for Servcorp given that a substantial portion of their business model rests on their provision of modern IT and communications infrastructure to organisations. When acquiring office space for company use as well as for hiring out to clients, a constant concern may be whether or not there is broadband access at that location. Though this is an issue, things may be set to improve a joint venture between Hawe and TP Teltech is aimed at substantially improving Polands broadband infrastructure (van Blommestein, 2012).5.REFERENCESAustralian Taxation Office. (2012). Countries that have a tax treaty with Australia. Retriev ed January 5, 2014, from http//www.ato.gov.au/General/International-tax-agreements/In-detail/Tax-treaties/Countries-that-have-a-tax-treaty-with-Australia/Bujnicki, P. (2013, February 23). Zloty climbs as Fitch revises Poland rating outlook to positive. Bloomberg News. Retrieved January 5, 2014, from http//www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-02-22/zloty-climbs-as-fitch-revises-poland-rating-outlook-to-positive.htmlCentral Intelligence Agency (2013). The World Factbook Poland. Retrieved January 7, 2014, from https//www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pl.htmlDFAT. (2013). Poland country brief. 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Retrieved January 5, 2014, from http//www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/country-statistical-profile-poland_20752288-table-polOECD. (2013b). Poland Economic forecast summary. Retrieved January 5, 2014, from http//www.oecd.org/eco/outlook/polandeconomicforecastsummary.htmOECD. (2013a). Poland needs strategy to meet growing risk of foreign bribery. Retrieved January 7, 2014, from http//www.oecd.org/ daf/anti-bribery/polandneedsstrategytomeetgrowingriskofforeignbribery.htmOECD. (2013b). Economic policy reforms Going for growth 2013. Retrieved January 7, 2014, from http//www.oecd.org/inclusive-growth/Economic%20Policy%20Reforms%202013%20Going%20for%20Growth.pdfOnoszko, M., Krasuski, K. (2013, July 17). Poland to relax budget and fiscal rules to stimulate economy. Bloomberg News. Retrieved January 5, 2014, from http//www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-07-16/polish-government-relaxes-budget-fiscal-rules-to-boost-economy.htmlPoint Topic. (2012). Broadband coverage in Europe in 2012 Mapping progress towards the coverage objectives of the Digital Agenda. Retrieved January 7, 2014, from http//point-topic.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Point-Topic-Broadband-Coverage-in-Europe-in-2012-Final-Report-20130813.pdfServcorp. (n.d.). close to us. Retrieved January 6, 2014, from http//www.servcorp.com.au/en/about-us/The Hofstede Center. (n.d.). Poland. Retrieved January 7, 2014, from http//geert-hofs tede.com/poland.htmlTransparency International. (2013). Corruption Perceptions Index 2013. Retrieved January 7, 2014, from http//cpi.transparency.org/cpi2013/results/myAnchor1van Blommestein. (2012). Is Poland finally getting out of the broadband slow lane? Retrieved January 7, 2014, from http//www.zdnet.com/is-poland-finally-getting-out-of-the-broadband-slow-lane-7000003129/World Bank. (2012). Logistics performance index tone of trade and transport-related infrastructure Data set. Retrieved January 7, 2014, from http//data.worldbank.org/indicator/LP.LPI.INFR.XQWorld Bank. (2013). Doing business 2014. Retrieved January 5, 2014, from http//www.doingbusiness.org//media/GIAWB/Doing%20Business/Documents/Annual-Reports/English/DB14-Full-Report.pdfWorld Economic Forum. (2012). The Financial Development Report 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2014, from http//www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_FinancialDevelopmentReport_2012.pdf